The IAEA assists its Member States in developing sustainable uranium production cycle activities to ensure a reliable nuclear fuel supply. Support spans all phases—from exploration and mining to processing, decommissioning, and remediation. The Agency provides technical advice, guidance publications, and integrated review missions, along with up-to-date information on global uranium resources, production trends, and demand projections. These efforts help Member States build robust infrastructure and adopt best practices for safe, responsible uranium production.

Cobra Resources are progressing the ISR amenability story of the Boland Rare Earth Project on the Eyre Peninsula of South Australia. Rare earth recoveries, acid consumption, and permeabilities have been assessed in bench scale tests at ANSTO and continue to demonstrate ISR amenability in the Narlaby Paeleochannel for rare earths.

Industrias Nucleares do Brasil (INB), the public company responsible for the nuclear fuel cycle in Brazil, and FOSNOR/Galvani, a Brazilian national fertilizer company, have been working together to develop the Santa Quitéria Project. The objective is to mine and process an ore composed of phosphate and uranium, known as colophanite. Currently, the Santa Quitéria Project has two licensing procedures underway. At this moment it is important to present the progress already achieved in the development of the project and its next challengers until the start of production.

The selective removal of impurities from rare earth sulfate liquors is critical to achieving high-purity rare earth products. This study investigates the use of controlled phosphate addition to promote precipitation of iron, thorium, and refractory metals while minimizing rare earth losses. Experimental work was complemented by thermodynamic modeling to evaluate precipitation behavior under varying pH conditions. Results demonstrate strong agreement between modeled and measured solubility trends, providing a predictive basis for optimizing impurity control. The combined experimental–modeling approach advances understanding of impurity phase stability and supports the design of more selective, efficient rare earth purification processes.

Rare earth elements (REE) are a key to modern society and they are typically difficult metallurgical development projects. The typical unit operations are mining, beneficiation, hydrometallurgical treatment, separation, and refining to produce magnets with the last two steps being dominated by Chinese knowhow. This paper discusses how each REE deposit is unique, the beneficiation testwork and hydrometallurgical processing to producer mixed rare earth carbonates (MREC). It also discusses OPEX and CAPEX and the challenges with developing REE projects. A number of rare earth projects are discussed and differences in mineralogy and difficulties in achieving a product that meets market specifications.

entX are establishing a vertical supply chain capability to process waste and underutilised materials, rich in radium and thorium isotopes, to produce feed material suitable for radiopharmaceutical applications. This presentation will cover opportunities to recover radium from residue or waste streams generated during the processing or refining of thorium containing rare earth materials and overview the pathway for this to be used in production of radiopharmaceuticals for targeted alpha therapy treatment.