Unlike ionic adsorption clays, where rare earth elements (REEs) are recovered through salt leaching (i.e., sulphate salts). Most clay-hosted deposits in Western Australia are refractory. They require pretreatment, similar to monazite and xenotime, or more aggressive leaching conditions. Without this, recoveries are low and uneconomical. This study emphasises thorough characterisation to enable simple, optimised pretreatment, followed by leaching with environmentally benign lixiviants to meet ESG requirements.

The IAEA assists its Member States in developing sustainable uranium production cycle activities to ensure a reliable nuclear fuel supply. Support spans all phases—from exploration and mining to processing, decommissioning, and remediation. The Agency provides technical advice, guidance publications, and integrated review missions, along with up-to-date information on global uranium resources, production trends, and demand projections. These efforts help Member States build robust infrastructure and adopt best practices for safe, responsible uranium production.

Rare earth elements (REE) are a key to modern society and they are typically difficult metallurgical development projects. The typical unit operations are mining, beneficiation, hydrometallurgical treatment, separation, and refining to produce magnets with the last two steps being dominated by Chinese knowhow. This paper discusses how each REE deposit is unique, the beneficiation testwork and hydrometallurgical processing to producer mixed rare earth carbonates (MREC). It also discusses OPEX and CAPEX and the challenges with developing REE projects. A number of rare earth projects are discussed and differences in mineralogy and difficulties in achieving a product that meets market specifications.

entX are establishing a vertical supply chain capability to process waste and underutilised materials, rich in radium and thorium isotopes, to produce feed material suitable for radiopharmaceutical applications. This presentation will cover opportunities to recover radium from residue or waste streams generated during the processing or refining of thorium containing rare earth materials and overview the pathway for this to be used in production of radiopharmaceuticals for targeted alpha therapy treatment.